Should we place greater faith in the UN as a means for handling global Essay

Should we place greater faith in the UN as a means for handling global conflict - Essay Example II.United Nations Organisation The history of United Nations Organisation started with the wartime alliance in January 1, 1942. Its official existence came on 24 October 1945. This was the time the Charter had been approved by countries like China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States and by a majority of other signatories. The official language of UN is Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. There are 192 United Nations member states. It headquarters in New York City. The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. Since 1948 there have been 60 Peacekeeping operations. At present scenario there are 16 peacekeeping operations going on across the world. There a force of around 66,921 as Military personnel and civilian police. 106 Countries are contributing military personnel and civilian police while number of International civilian personnel is 4,475, Local civilian personnel are 7,996 and UN Volunteers are 1,762. The total number of personnel serving in peacekeeping operations is 81,154. Since 1948 there have been approximately two thousand and four fatalities in peacekeeping operations. This fatality figure includes only military and civilian police, civilian international and local personnel in United Nations peacekeeping operations. There approved budget of the UN operations from July 2004-30 June 2005 is about $4.47 billion.

Religious Ethics Essay Example for Free

Religious Ethics Essay In this essay, I will be taking religious ethics to mean the ethical principles of Christianity, i.e. Christian Ethics. This includes the moral decisions based on the teachings of Christianity from such sources as the Bible. The term environmental issues covers a broad spectrum of concerns. As far as ethics is concerned, the issue is how far our moral concerns should extend to the environment and how we should live out our responsibility towards it. By environment, the earth and all its living entities are concerned. As our concern for the environment has increased and our general awareness heightened, debates about morality towards the environment have emerged. Issues such as climate change, pollution, global warming and the extinction of species can all be linked to the actions of humans (e.g. CFCs and the burning of fossil fuels). Therefore, as the damage to our environment becomes more problematic, the link between its deterioration and the actions of humans becomes more prominent. Anthropocenctrism, usually attributed to the teachings of Christianity, places humans at the centre of the world and therefore the environment. Aristotle taught that nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man; he basically states that humans are the only beings on earth that have intrinsic value, and that everything else placed on this earth has instrumental value and is to be used for the benefit of humans. Humanity is placed at the top of Aristotles hierarchy due to their possession of reason; animals can move and feel pain so come next; plants who can only grow and reproduce are placed at the bottom; and he appears to place no value on inanimate objects as they dont even have a vegetative soul. During the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the thinkers of the enlightenment period, also known as the age of reason, emphasised anthropocentric approaches and concluded that reason is the mark of authority. Scientific discoveries were made that bred confidence in mans ability and shifted philosophical thought away from the teaching that God and the church are the centre of morality. Capitalism emerged which taught emphasising the success of the individual. Immanuel Kant placed humans at the top of his hierarchy with their intrinsic worth due to their possession of reason. Kant also viewed animals as of no moral concern to humans; the only time it is wrong to hurt an animal is when it could instrumentally harm a human. However, by Kants reasoning that we can only have concern for animals if the impact is on humanity, he is contradicting himself as he looks to the consequence, which denotes it as a hypothetical imperative and therefore immoral. He also decides on moral action using formulations of the categorical imperative; 1. universalisability, where no contradictions can occur. Kant did not intend his theory to be used as an environmental ethic as it was not relevant at the time. 2. Kant declares that only moral rational agents need moral consideration as ends in themselves and we should exclude animals from moral worth which concludes it to be outdates and unsuitable to be used as an environmental ethic. Therefore, Kants ethic is likely to be an unsympathetic approach and would probably lead to damage to the environment. Christian anthropocentrism is mainly derived from the teachings of Genesis. The creation story (Genesis (1:26-28) teaches us to fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth. This implies that God has made all things for the sake of humans; that the only beings upon this earth that have intrinsic value are humans, and that everything else serves to benefit humanity (instrumental value). The only reason we need to have care for the environment is because our actions may have an impact, sooner or later, upon ourselves. St Thomas Aquinas also held this belief and stated that injury to an animals leads to the temporal hurt of man, either the doer of the deed, or of another. Dr Lynn White suggested that we need to re-examine our attitudes towards nature, which derive from our religious beliefs, in order to successfully address the ecological crises. He said Human ecology is deeply conditioned by beliefs about our nature and destiny that is, by religion. He develops this suggesting that our destruction and damage to the environment can be traced to the technological advances of the industrial revolution and the enlightenment period which are a result of the despotic interpretation of the Judeo-Christian teachings declaring Western Christianity as the most anthropocentric religion the world has seen. Utilitarianism is another approach towards ecological issues that one can consider when deciding the best approach towards environmental issues. Peter Singer is a preference utilitarian, who doesnt measure happiness in the measure of extent or duration of happiness but instead on the satisfaction of desires or preferences. Singer measures the importance of an individual or being, not on their possession of a soul or reason, but on their ability to suffer. To Singer, it doesnt matter whether the being in question is human or not and both humans and sensory non-humans are equally entitled to moral concern. As we can imagine that their preference would be to avoid pain. He accused many moral philosophers and scientists of Speceism; refusing respect to the lives of other species, not just humans, and proposed that we need to include animals in the expanding circle of moral worth; If possessing a higher intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit non humans for the same purpose?. The problem that arises from Singers theory is whether or not plants, and lesser life forms and non-life forms are included in the expanding circle of moral worth as they are not conscious living entities so we dont know what their preferences would be. Initially, Singer does not consider lesser life forms to have any moral significance, but in the second edition of his book states the argument from intrinsic value of the plants, species or eco systems is at best problematic. Singers utilitarian argument has weaknesses in so far as it has no clear boundaries as to where our moral concern should lie. Unlike Christianitys anthropocentric approach which clearly places humanity as the centre of our moral concern, Utilitarianism only beholds vague ideas of where our moral concern should extend to. The utilitarian argument has its strength in its positioning of the capability of suffering above the possession of reason. This does bear a more sympathetic approach towards humans of lesser intelligence (i.e. those with special needs) but then suggests that they are on the same level as animals. This would suggest Christianity to be a better approach as it is more compassionate. Biocentrism, proposed by Paul Taylor, extends the circle of moral worth to include all living things and thus declares that humanity is not the centre of existence. Taylor argues that all life forms have intrinsic value which human beings have a duty to respect. We therefore have a moral responsibility towards them which would entail engaging in practices and policies aimed at specific ways of preserving the ecosystems. Taylor holds non-living things such as mountains to only hold instrumental value and therefore they bare no ethical status. Taylors argument is fairly balanced as it doesnt presume that human beings are the only beings with intrinsic value but he fails to introduce any sort of hierarchy and places humans on the same level as bacteria, which seems absurd. He also implies that we should all be vegans, but fails to address this, and doesnt consider whether a lion is acting immorally if it eats a zebra. Christianity therefore is more logical as it sets a clear hierarchy which allows mowing the lawn and eating meat. Ecocentrism is another approach to environmental issues. It recognises the importance of the ecosphere and the environment with out suggesting that any organism as more important than the other. Aldo Leopold proposed an ecocentric theory; The Land Ethic which simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soil, waters, plants and animals. Or collectively the land. He argued that current conservation policies are based on economic motives. He says it is inconceivable to me than an ethical relation to land can exist without love, respect, and admiration for land and a high regard for its value. By value, I of course mean something far broader than mere economic value; I mean value in the philosophical sense. He argues that Christianitys teachings of dominion saw us as conquerors of the land and that if we are to resolve the ecological crises we need to see ourselves as members of the community that also includes the land. Another ecocentric approach is that of deep ecology devised by Arne Naess. It was born out of appreciation for non-Christian religions that recognised the sacredness of natural phenomena. This includes the notion of biospheric egalitarianism which views that all living things have intrinsic value. Deep ecology views the world as a network of interconnected and interdependent phenomena; a web of life. These theories fail to determine how lesser life forms could have any moral interest, and how mountains and the like could have any moral interests whatsoever. This weakens it as Christianity. However it does appear to be more sympathetic as it concludes that other life forms have intrinsic value, not just humans. Another ecocentric approach is that of the Gaia Hypothesis proposed by James Lovelock. After discovering that it is the earths unique atmosphere that makes life on earth possible, he declared the difference between earth and the other planets was Gaia. All life forms are part of Gaia and he saw the earth as a self regulating living system. In his words Gaia is a complex entity involving the Earths biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet. He saw the ecosystems of the earth as intelligently organised, not by God, but by Gaias self engineering. He concludes that if humans were taken out of Gaia, it would survive without us; therefore, humanity is not integral to the environment. Lovelock later suggested that as the environmental issues increase, the planet may not be able to recover and we are in the process of killing the earth, which he refers to as matricide. This suggestion that the earth is intelligently organised has much evidence (for example the water cycle, the reproductive system). However, by suggesting that the earth is alive and therefore self regulates these systems is weak as it is hard to prove. For Christians, the intelligent organisation is of course a result of God. The despotic readings of the creation story present Christianity negatively as White argues. Because we are made in the image of God we believe that the world was made for our sake only. However, one must look at other interpretations of Christian teachings that would suggest a more considerate approach to the environment. One could interpret the use of the word dominion no as despotic, but as a call for stewardship. God has chosen humanity to regulate the response of the natural world to its creator so we must care and conserve and acts as the director of natures obedience to God. This makes Christian teaching more theocentric than anthropocentric as it suggests that the peak of creation is God. If we used this as a basic principle when approaching environmental issues, then it would be a strong theory, as it allows humanity to care for the land. Aquinass Natural Law theory is based on the thinking of Aristotle, that all things in nature are for the good of man. He extends this further to explain how things are not worthless, but valuable because they are what God intended them to be; they fulfil their own Telos. Humans are declared as the most valuable beings due to their creation in imago dei and possession of reason but we should follow stewardship rather than despotism. This would however suggest that despite the strengths of being stewards, being a Christian Ethic, one must have a belief in God to conclude this to be a valid approach to environmental issues. Another Christian approach is Joseph Fletchers Situation Ethics which emphasises the importance of love in moral decisions, but was never considered an environmental ethic. Fletcher believed in personalism; that people are placed before the laws, again being anthropocentric in that we are suggested to be able to do what we want. He promoted pragmatism; that one must do something that would produced the most loving consequences in that situation. This would be a positive approach to the environment as people would be loving towards it. This could perhaps places the environment second to human needs which would be a negative attitude. However, Fletchers ethic is too vague to be considered in any depth as we cant define what is the most loving thing, who its for or even what love means. Attfield suggests a deeper interpretation of Christian teachings in order to accurately devise an ethical basis towards the environment. He saw that in Job (38:25) for example, God is said to send rain for the plants and uninhabited wilderness. And to have made wilderness for the Ass. Also the proverbs inform us that a righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. This would be the understanding that Jesus would have had, following the Old Testament teachings. There are New Testament teachings that would instruct a more sympathetic attitude to nature such as Jesus time in the desert amongst wild beasts after his baptism, and the use of nature and animals in his teachings and parables. However, there are the passages of the Gadarene swine and the cursing of the fig tree that suggest a more inconsiderate attitude is permitted. In Hebrew tradition, Kings were answerable to God, not absolute monarchs in themselves, therefore according to Attfield the biblical dominion of man is no despotism. However, White argues that in medieval times the embrace of Christianity and the rejection of paganism changed the relationship between man and nature. The pagan ideas of living beings having a soul or a spirit (animism) encouraged a positive attitude towards nature, which were corrupted by the growth of Christianity. Attfield however counter argues these claims and says the ecological crises cant be blamed on ancient traditions as they have happened in more recent times (post 1945). Japan, for example, which is not a Christian country, shares many of the environmental problems that the West has. It is not just paganism and Buddhism that impose a limit on humankinds use of nature. Attfield then concludes that we neednt have a new environmental position; we just need to revert to stewardship rather than dominion. Walter H OBriant proposed a born again Christian belief in the rapture; that Christ will return and the bodies and souls of the saved will go to heaven. The earth is, according to OBriant, a temporary home therefore it doesnt matter what we do to the earth. After considering the theories discussed and evaluating their strengths and weaknesses I would argue that religious ethics are the best approach to environmental issues, provided we revert to a more stewardship attitude, rather than the despotic interpretation.

The Debated and Hated SUV Essay -- Transportation Cars Vehicles Papers

The Debated and Hated SUV Since the early 1990s, the car market has become saturated with sport utility vehicles. While SUV’s have been enthusiastically received by a wide spectrum of the demographic – everyone from teenagers to soccer moms -- not all are excited by its arrival. Some of the current complaints with SUVs have to do with their ridiculous size and relative fuel inefficiency. Others criticize the vehicles as being unsafe, and certainly unnecessary, for the tasks for which they are commonly used. But even with the recent campaigns to educate the public on the possible physical and environmental risks posed by the automobiles, SUV purchases continue to be on the rise. Indeed, with car sales on the decline, and the SUV being seen as a possible savior -- or at least band-aid -- for the struggling motor industry, any movement to ban SUVs in the near future is unlikely. There have been many arguments made for and against SUV’s. Anti-SUV groups have made good points by closely entwining logos and pathos arguments. Often anti-SUV arguments use crash statistics and environmental research to make there clams. While their use of statistics is good, anti-SUV arguments can err on the side of being so emotional they create a pathos fallacy. SUV advocates make arguments also based on statistics, but they rely more heavily on pathos based argument. One of the most prevalent fallacies made in pro-SUV arguments is that of distraction by focusing on the anti-SUV groups rather than discussing the issue at hand. Both anti and pro groups have made fallacies, but they have also made several great arguments. The desire for self-preservation is present in all people; this is why SUV safety is such a huge issue. â€Å"Ask a typic... ...e. There are those that would ban SUVs, and others that would rather just regulate them. Those that proudly drive their SUVs feel that all the bad press is directed at them. In the end there are several good arguments made on both sides. Works Cited Davidson, Ross. â€Å"The Bully on the Block.† Salon. Dec. 8, 1997 http://www.salon.com/news/1997/12/08news2.html Flint, Jerry. â€Å"The Holy War on SUVs.† Forbes. 03.03.2003. http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0303/051.html Kirn, Walter. â€Å"Why I Love My SUV.† Time. Feb 24, 2003 v161 i8 p42 Mencimer, Stephanie. â€Å"Bumper Mentality.† Washington Monthly. December 20, 2002 http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=14839 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ SUV Info Link, The. â€Å"Environmental Double Standards for Sport Utility Vehicles.† http://www.suv.org/environ.html The Debated and Hated SUV Essay -- Transportation Cars Vehicles Papers The Debated and Hated SUV Since the early 1990s, the car market has become saturated with sport utility vehicles. While SUV’s have been enthusiastically received by a wide spectrum of the demographic – everyone from teenagers to soccer moms -- not all are excited by its arrival. Some of the current complaints with SUVs have to do with their ridiculous size and relative fuel inefficiency. Others criticize the vehicles as being unsafe, and certainly unnecessary, for the tasks for which they are commonly used. But even with the recent campaigns to educate the public on the possible physical and environmental risks posed by the automobiles, SUV purchases continue to be on the rise. Indeed, with car sales on the decline, and the SUV being seen as a possible savior -- or at least band-aid -- for the struggling motor industry, any movement to ban SUVs in the near future is unlikely. There have been many arguments made for and against SUV’s. Anti-SUV groups have made good points by closely entwining logos and pathos arguments. Often anti-SUV arguments use crash statistics and environmental research to make there clams. While their use of statistics is good, anti-SUV arguments can err on the side of being so emotional they create a pathos fallacy. SUV advocates make arguments also based on statistics, but they rely more heavily on pathos based argument. One of the most prevalent fallacies made in pro-SUV arguments is that of distraction by focusing on the anti-SUV groups rather than discussing the issue at hand. Both anti and pro groups have made fallacies, but they have also made several great arguments. The desire for self-preservation is present in all people; this is why SUV safety is such a huge issue. â€Å"Ask a typic... ...e. There are those that would ban SUVs, and others that would rather just regulate them. Those that proudly drive their SUVs feel that all the bad press is directed at them. In the end there are several good arguments made on both sides. Works Cited Davidson, Ross. â€Å"The Bully on the Block.† Salon. Dec. 8, 1997 http://www.salon.com/news/1997/12/08news2.html Flint, Jerry. â€Å"The Holy War on SUVs.† Forbes. 03.03.2003. http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0303/051.html Kirn, Walter. â€Å"Why I Love My SUV.† Time. Feb 24, 2003 v161 i8 p42 Mencimer, Stephanie. â€Å"Bumper Mentality.† Washington Monthly. December 20, 2002 http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=14839 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ SUV Info Link, The. â€Å"Environmental Double Standards for Sport Utility Vehicles.† http://www.suv.org/environ.html

Consider the Lobster

Have you ever thought about how the food you’re about to eat was prepared? I know I rarely do, and many of us never pay any mind to what exactly is on our plate. David Foster Wallace’s essay will almost definitely make you ask yourself a few questions regarding meat consumption. His piece talks about the controversy behind killing lobsters and questions people’s general views on that matter, making his audience think about morality.After reading â€Å"Consider the Lobster† I couldn’t help but think how ridiculous it is to state that lobsters don’t feel pain, and even more ridiculous to use such statement in order to make people think that they’re not actually hurting the lobsters. It’s said that lobsters’ brains don’t let them feel pain, and that’s what makes the killing of them okay for a lot of people (308). I believe that every creature is capable of experiencing at least some sort of physical discomfort. I don’t know about insects, but all animals seem to feel pain just as we, humans, do.To me, the best proof that lobsters do actually feel pain is the author’s argument that they behave â€Å"very much as you or I would behave if we were plunged into boiling water†(310, Wallace). People notice the lobster’s panicky reaction to being thrown into the extremely hot kettle and often times decide to leave the room. I think that by doing so, they acknowledge that the animal is suffering and decide to wait it out so that it feels less like they’re a part of the process. I don’t think I would ever be able to kill a lobster.I’ve always been very sensitive to animals being subjected to pain; I even have problems with trying to go fishing whenever my uncle asks me to. I can’t look at the fish suffocating and jumping all over the place. Therefore, I’m completely convinced that I would never take a part in the infliction of pain on a nimals. Not directly at least. But when I think about it, I do take some part in it, by consuming meat. Does the fact that I don’t personally kill my own chickens or turkeys really make me a better person than the people who prepare their own lobster?Just because I don’t do it myself shouldn’t suggest I’m less guilty. I would, of course, never slaughter any animal, but I buy the meat anyway, even though I know exactly how it’s done and what kind of psychological and physical torture those animals go through. And honestly, I have given it much thought, but I do not have anything to say in my defense. I’ve watched many documentaries revealing the horrible ways in which animals are slaughtered. And sure enough, after watching that, I didn’t eat meat for a few weeks.But once the videos started slowly fading away in my memory and weren’t as vivid, I got right back into the meat eating habit. The shock I experienced after first seein g the documentary has slowly passed and allowed me to push it to the back of my mind. There are a lot of times when I’m about to take a bite of meat and those horrid images go through my mind. Once that happens I just simply push them out and force myself to think about something else.I feel like thats a bit hypocritical of me, since I think of myself as a person who would never harm an animal, but in reality, I choose to ignore that I am, in fact, harming them in some way. However, I’m almost certain that if I were to watch those videos ever day or face the actual process and watch it with my own eyes, I’d have a rather hard time getting rid of the shock and would become vegetarian right away. It’s the fact that I’m not constantly reminded of it, that makes me not think about it as much.The author discusses various ways in which lobsters are killed. Some of them are simply horrifying. He mentions that some cooks â€Å"put the lobster in cold salt water and then very slowly bring it up to full boil†(311). How could that possibly be a more humane way to prepare a lobster? To me, it seems like such process only makes the animal’s suffering worse and as the author says: â€Å"lobsters boiled incrementally often display a whole bonus set of gruesome, convulsionlike reactions thats you don’t see in regular boiling†(311).Wallace also talks about cooks who poke wholes in the lobsters and then microwave them alive or tear off the claws and tail. It makes me wonder: are those cooks cruel people? Or just people who have to do their jobs? If they’re just doing their jobs however, how could they not want to try and do it as least painfully as possible? It’s very hard for me to understand how could someone be capable of microwaving an animal alive. And it’s dreadful to me. Something really admirable about this essay is how much information was included in it.The reading is composed of everyt hing you might ever want to know about lobsters; where they came from, how long they’ve been around, how they’re prepared and consumed and the controversy behind it. Wallace has evidently spent an enormous amount of time working on this piece. Once fact that I found very interesting was that â€Å"up until sometime in the 1800s, lobster was literally low-class food, eaten only by the poor and institutionalized†(302). It’s amazing to think how with time, the culture evolves and adapts completely new norms. Feeding lobsters to inmates used to be against the law and nowadays it’s simply considered a delicacy.It only makes me wonder what will people see it as in another hundred years, and how much will our perception have changed. Reading David Foster Wallace’s essay on the Maine Lobster Festival was surprisingly grasping to me. His sudden change of subject, from describing how the festival is prepared and celebrated, to discussing the ethics of killing and consuming our food made his writing very interesting and captivating. His writing was very effective and caused me to consider my choices, which I probably wouldn’t have done otherwise.

Fast Food Business Plan

My business plan is to open a franchise of little Caesars in Jackson Heights, Queens NY. First let’s look at the fast food industry as a whole. History of the industry The concept of fast food is inspired by ancient Rome, in which bread and wine were sold in street-side stalls. In early 20th century In the United States, fast food history is associated with the introduction of drive-in restaurants. Since then, US industry of fast food has come a long way to become the largest fast food industry in the world. One of the pioneers of this field is White Castle, was founded in Kansas, in 1921, one of the major names when it comes to the American fast food sector. In 1930's, the American fast food industry achieved yet another milestone – when Howard Johnson's introduced the concept of franchising restaurants in the United States. NAICS Code and industry Description According to NAICS Fast food restaurant 722211, â€Å"The restaurant industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing food services (except snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars) where patrons generally order or select items and pay before eating. Food and drink may be consumed on premises, taken out, or delivered to the customer’s location. Some establishments in this industry may provide these food services in combination with selling alcoholic beverages†. (Census) Growth of Industry Since 1982, consumers starting spent more on fast food as compare to table service restaurant, according to figures this annual growth rate turns into 6. 8% as compare to 4. 7% growth rate through 1997. This amount increased from 29. 3 to 34. 2 % between 1982 and 1997, while the restaurant proportion decreased from 41 to 35. 7 percent. As per a research of â€Å"US Fast Food Market Outlook 2010†, despite the growing concerns such as rising health consciousness and increasing incidences of obesity in the US population the US fast food industry has been witnessing impressive growth for the past few years. This research shows that during the economic down fall it was the only industry that benefited as people have changed their food habits from spending more money on dinning outside at restaurants to fast food products. It was expected that the fast food market will grow at a CAGR of around 5% during 2009-2011. . (Mark) According to the restaurant association in 2010 sales of restaurant industry are $580 billion; these restaurants are located over 945,000 locations, having 12. 7 million employees (one of the largest private-sector employers) across United States of America. Here are some more facts about restaurant industry: * $1. 6 billion: Restaurant-industry sales on a typical day in 2010. * $2,698: Average household expenditure for food away from home in 2008. * 40 percent of adults agree that purchasing meals from restaurants and take-out and delivery places makes them more productive in their day-to-day life. 73 percent of adults say they try to eat healthier now at restaurants than they did two years ago. * 57 percent of adults say they are likely to make a restaurant choice based on how much a restaurant supports charitable activities and the local community. * 78 percent of adults say they would like to receive restaurant gift cards or certificates on gift occasions. * 52 percent of adults say they would be more likely to patronize a restaurant if it offered a customer loyalty and reward program. 57 percent of adults say they are likely to make a restaurant choice based on how much a restaurant supports charitable activities and the local community. * 56 percent of adults say they are more likely to visit a restaurant that offers food grown or raised in an organic or environmentally friendly way. * 78 percent of adults agree that going out to a restaurant with family or friends gives them an opportunity to socialize and is a better way to make use of their leisure time than cooking and cleaning up. National restaurant association-1) In New York restaurant industry is a major source of power in the state’s economy. This industry has key contribution to tax revenues. Restaurant industry is providing jobs to thousands of people; it is becoming an emerging career option to people. They are giving the people nutritious and healthy Manu options to their customers. Re staurant industry is dedicated to protect their environment in these 4 areas, and to reduce their impact on the environment in four key areas: * profitability and entrepreneurship, * jobs and careers, * food and healthy living, and sustainability and social responsibility According to the restaurant association â€Å"New York alone has more than 38,596 eating and drinking places, with a projection to register $ 29 billion sales in 2010. In New York in restaurant industry there are 673,800 employments. Here are some more important facts that contribute in the restaurant industry in state’s economy: * New York’s restaurants generate an additional $. 98 in sales for the state economy against every $1. * In New York’s eating and drinking places generates an additional 23. 4 jobs in state against every extra $1 million. The restaurant job ratio of in New York is 8 percent of employment. * By 2020 this It is expected that this industry will be able to reach 10. 4% jo b growth. (National restaurant association-2) According to Construction Forecasts News & Analysis One of the major factors of fast food industry’s popularity is that they offer low and affordable prices with lots of other benefits together, despite the fact that this industry like other industries of world is face up to lots of problems one like rising prices of energy and food. However it is not been completely overcome the price hike issue. At the same time the hazards of fast food are now becoming well known and add to it another major threat to fast food industry is the increase of the number of good dinners. From the past year’s experience it is expected from the fast food industry to charge a bit more from the full service restaurant as the customer focuses on the dinners special and values. According to FDA figures â€Å"Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $164. 8 billion in 2010, a gain of 3. 0 percent over 2009. Sales at full-service restaurants are projected to reach $184. 2 billion in 2010, an increase of 1. 2 percent in current dollars over 2009† †. It is been expected from the eating-and-drinking place segment increase by 4. 5% to show the strongest growth in 2010. This is expected from fast food industry among all commercial industry segments that the strongest growth is in retail-host restaurants with a 4. 9 percent sales increase (this segment includes the food places located in gas/service stations and drug and grocery stores). (FDA-1) A big highlight of fast food industry is the availability of meals that meet a person’s requirements. This gives a sigh of relief to those parents or partners who have to travel between work and home for a big part of the day. With a lot of variety of delicacies like fish and chips, vegetarian and non-vegetarian burgers and pizzas are served with complimentary alcohol and carbonated drinks at many of these fast food restaurants. Though accessories like coleslaw, baked potatoes and mushy peas gives the solution to have vegetables in meals but the intake of fried food is making the new age child far from the balanced diet. There are lots and lots of varieties of fast food chains like Subway, Burger King, McDonald’s, Pret-a-Manger and Pizza Hut accommodate the demands for seafood, lean meat, special diet meal components, and other considerable regional variations. Experiments within the fast food industry had created new products like snacks such as sandwiches and baguettes. Fast food industry is also fulfilling the customer’s demand of dry of semi-dry meals which the customer can cook those meals in their own kitchen with less amount of time. Most fast food restaurants are now combining different style of food which is related to different cultures. This industry now flourishes on international appeal promoted by niche chains. At many outlets and drive-ins, the customers can see the food being prepared, so that they can be satisfy that the food they are going to have in that fast food restaurant is completely safe and made in hygienic conditions. Unvarying menus, special traded marks and a unique atmosphere can be observed at these take-away services and sit-ins all over the world. Eat-on-the-go is another unique style of fast food which just not removes the need for traditional cutlery, but also provides the choice to the customers to treat their foods in their own traditional or cultural style in their own selected atmosphere. The common menus include pitas, fried chicken, nuggets and tacos, served along with complimentary salads and breads. The fast food industry is now operating independent vendors. These venders have set standardized cooking, and production methods, and easy availability of low-cost delicacies. In 2009 because of the economic fall the restaurant industry also lost jobs. Regardless of the losses, the industry is still outperforming the national economy, and job growth is expected to resume in 2010. Still this industry remains one of the nation's largest private sector employers with its 12. million employees. By 2020, the industry is expected to employ 14 million more people with an increase of 1. 3 million jobs. Colorado is expected to post the strongest sales growth in 2010 at 2. 9 percent (2010 industry sales of $8. 7 billion), followed by Idaho at 2. 8 percent ($1. 6 billion). Forecasted to post growth of 2. 7 percent: New Jersey ($12. 8 billion), New York ($29. 0 billion), North Car olina ($12. 8 billion) and Texas ($34. 8 billion). The top states by restaurant sales volume in 2009 will be California at $58. 0 billion (2. percent growth); Texas at $34. 8 billion (2. 7 percent growth); New York at $29. 0 billion (2. 7 percent growth); Florida at $27. 6 billion (2. 4 percent growth); and Illinois at $18. 7 billion (1. 9 percent growth). In American from last few years people are been converted in to fast food choices . as in 1970, the Americans spent a total of $6 billion on fast food – the same am the same amount increased to $110 billion by 2000. According to the fast food industry statistics, this industry experienced an overall growth of 4. 8 percent in 2006 alone. Mark D) Even though, economically we are still in resection but expectations look quite positive from this industry. The following table looks at the forecast PE ratios of some of the company’s competitors: (Stock Market review) Market Share According to the stock market analysis the top players of this industry are McDonald’s, Yum! Brand, Wendy’s/Arby’s, Starbucks, Burger king, and Doctors Assoc/Subway, the following chart shows the market share of selected competitors: Company| Revenues (M)| Net Income (M)| Net Margin| Restaurants| Franchised %| McDonald's (MCD)| $22,745| $4,551| 20. %| 32,478| 81%| Yum! Brands (YUM)| $10,836| $1,083| 10. 0%| 37,000| | Starbuck’s (SBUX)| $9,775| $391| 4. 0%| 16,635| 47%| | | | | | | | | | | | | Wendy's International (WEN)| $3,581| $4| 0. 1%| 6,451| 80%| Burger King Holdings (BKC)| $2,537| $200| 7. 9%| 11,925| 88%| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Data from company FY 2009 annual reports (CKE data from FY annual, ended January 31, 2010). (Stock Market review-1) Although from the above figure it is very obvious that McDonald’s has a clear edge over all his competitors, but still this industry is the best example of perfect competition. In economic theory,  perfect competition  describes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market power  to set the price of a homogeneous product. Because the conditions for perfect competition are strict, there are few if any perfectly competitive markets. Still, buyers and sellers in some auction-type markets say for commodities  or some financial assets may approximate the concept. Perfect competition serves as a benchmark against which to measure real-life and imperfectly competitive markets†. (Michael R. Baye) Profitability of the industry under perfect competition As I said fast food industry is an example of perfect competition market, so the question is how much control an individual company has to determine the price or decide the profit margin? To answer this question we need to look at the theoretical concept of economic, as per the economic concept; â€Å"In contrast to a monopoly  or oligopoly, it is impossible for a firm in perfect competition to earn economic profits  in the long run, which is to say that a firm cannot make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs. In order not to misinterpret this zero-long-run-profits thesis, it must be remembered that the term ‘profit' is also used in other ways. Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted, including normal interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover risk, and normal salary for managerial activity. Classical economist’s on the contrary defined profit as what is left after subtracting costs except interest and risk coverage; thus, if one leaves aside risk coverage for simplicity, the neoclassical zero-long-run-profit thesis would be re-expressed in classical parlance as profits coinciding with interest in the long period, i. e. the rate of profit tending to coincide with the rate of interest. Profits in the classical meaning do not tend to disappear in the long period but tend to normal profit. With this terminology, if a firm is earning abnormal profit in the short term, this will act as a trigger for other firms to enter the market. As other firms enter the market the market supply curve will shift out causing prices to fall. Existing firms will react to this lower price by adjusting their capital stock downward. This adjustment will cause their marginal cost to shift to the left causing the market supply curve to shift inward. However, the net effect of entry by new firms and adjustment by existing firms will be to shift the supply curve outward. The market price will be driven down until all firms are earning normal profit only†. (Michael R. Baye-1) It is important to note that perfect competition is a sufficient condition for allocate and productive efficiency, but it is not a necessary condition. In perfect competition if a company want to control price in the market it is important for the company to get involve in some kind of merger activities which give the company some extra powers over pricing a good example of such an activity is to bound the suppliers in some kind of contracts and restricting then to supply their products to your competitors. As we have seen this industry is growing with every passing year, so let’s discuss some of the marketing plan for the business in general the marketing plan for Little Caesars Pizza analyzes the company’s present state, the environment in which the company is competing in, and projections for the upcoming year. As a new location for the current franchise owners in a severely competitive market, many solutions will be offered to help Little Caesars Pizza advance in its market share locally here in Jackson Heights, Queens NY. We will build on the main corporate vision of Little Caesars Pizza, which is â€Å"To be the best take-home pizza chain by exceeding customer expectations with extraordinary value, great tasting products, and outstanding people while providing strong returns to our stakeholders† (â€Å"Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: About Us† 2011). A set of goals have been organized, all of which will contribute to the success of this franchise location in the upcoming years. We analyze its strengths and weaknesses that this particular Little Caesars Pizza is facing in its current atmosphere. The strengths including quality customer service through family owned franchises, constantly expanding into new markets and quality products are essential to it and must continually be emphasized throughout the organization. Other opportunities are laid out that must be taken advantage of for growth to occur. After analyzing and averaging data of current operations we have calculated projected gross sales to be around $382,225. 00. Expenses and taxes would be taken from this to reach a net income for the year. The organizational structure of the Little Caesars Enterprises is quite structured. The family oriented atmosphere that it continues to impose in its franchises help develop a more personable relationship with its customers and develop a strong and healthy work environment. Little Caesars is an industry leader and will continue to grow in its current operations. Strategic Plan/ Focus The following portion demonstrates four aspects of Little Caesars Pizza’s business strategy influencing in our marketing plan. (1) The mission/vision, (2) goals, (3) core competence/sustainable competitive advantage, and (4) Corporate Philosophy of Little Caesars Pizza. 1 – Mission/Vision The mission of Little Caesars Pizza is, as described on the corporate web-site: â€Å"To be the best take-home pizza chain by exceeding customer expectations with extraordinary value, great tasting products, and outstanding people while providing strong returns to our stakeholders† (â€Å"Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: About Us† 2006). The Radford Manager agrees that they follow the corporate mission statement and use it as a model in day to day operations. 2 – Goals Little Caesars Pizza maintains a strong focus on value, great tasting pizza, and convenience. †¢ Financial Goals To make enough profit to exceed the initial start-up cost of the franchise. * To minimize expenses while still offering premium ingredients and customer service. * To increase sales by 10% from the first year of operation through promotion and customer service. †¢ Non-Financial Goals * To uphold the corporate mission/vision. * To obtain a good reputation m ainly from the student population as getting their money’s worth and holding a good customer relationship while maintaining outstanding customer service. * To create and maintain a happy and healthy work environment – Core Competencies and Sustainable Competitive Advantage When discussing Little Caesars Pizza’s core competency, there are two main objectives it seeks to achieve: (1) Supply convenient high-quality, competitively priced, pizza to the community’s population. (2) To deliver the pizza products in a timely manner with exceptional customer service. To transform these core competencies into a sustainable competitive advantage, Little Caesars will maintain quality relationships with its suppliers while continuing to emphasize customer service to employees. – Corporate Philosophy At the heart of Little Caesars Pizza’s philosophy is a profound commitment to give back to the communities that sustain its business. Little Caesars Pizza and its franchisees are devoted to numerous organizations throughout the United States. One of the most significant programs Little Caesars has founded is a nationally recognized program called the Love Kitchen, a pizza restaurant on wheels, and was established in 1985 by Little Caesars founders to feed the homeless and hungry in the United States and Canada. Since its start, the Love Kitchen has fed more than 1. 5 million people in need. In addition to visiting soup kitchens and homeless shelters, the Love Kitchen also responds to disasters, including the recent hurricanes in the Gulf Coast area, the site of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001, and the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995. The Little Caesars Love Kitchen has received presidential declaration from the Reagan, Bush and Clinton Administrations, as well as a certificate of appreciation from the State of Michigan. Its franchisees support the Love Kitchen by providing food and labor for servings in their markets. There are no fees associated with the Love Kitchen for the driver, the vehicle, or fuel. Franchisees find it very rewarding to support the Love Kitchen in their communities. (â€Å"Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: Philosophy†, 2011) Target Markets The primary target market for Little Caesars Pizza is middle and low income families who desire to pay a low amount of money for a large portion of food to feed their family members. The secondary market consists of students who have little or no income and rely on part-time jobs or money from elsewhere to fund their food budget. Points of Difference The â€Å"points of difference† that differentiates the company from its competitors fall into three important areas: †¢ Superior Ingredients. Little Caesars uses superior ingredients and offers a variety of foods which includes sandwiches and side items. Compared to other pizza places that only focuses on one product which is pizza. †¢ Family Owned Environment. The owners of the Little Caesars Pizza value customer service and satisfaction and emphasize this to its employees. †¢ Affordability. The fast food industry provides a variety of cheap menu items which makes it affordable to many people. Positioning In the past, pizza products have been either fast but lacked quality or focused on quality but was time consuming, but not both. Little Caesars Pizza combines these two desirable characteristics to obtain a positioning in consumers’ minds as fast and high quality pizza, which allows customers to order them fresh out of the oven and tasty (Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. 2011). Marketing Program The four marketing elements that are used by Little Caesars are explained in detail below. The promotion strategy is the most evident with the Hot-N-Ready deal that it offer. Product Strategy Little Caesars is known for its pepperoni and cheese pizzas being readily available whenever you want. It also offer different crust styles, bread products, wings, sandwiches, and salads. Little Caesars emphasizes its use of only the finest ingredients to serve the highest quality products to its customers that are expecting more for their money. Product Line Online menu: Original Round Pizza-(12†, 14†, 16†,* 18†*) Deep Dish Pizza-(medium or large) Pizza by the Slice-(cheese or pepperoni) Baby PAN! PAN! -(two individual-sized deep dish pizzas w/ cheese and pepperoni) Crazy Bread-(8 sticks, topped with butter, garlic, and Parmesan cheese) Crazy Sauce-(Little Caesars exclusive tomato sauce) Italian Cheese Bread-(bread covered with melted cheese topped w/ Italian spices) Caesar Wings-(Hot, medium, or mild chick wings: 5, 10, 20, 30 pieces) Caesar Sandwiches*-(Italian, Ham and Cheese, Tuna) Salads-(Greek, Tossed, ; Antipasto w/ choice of dressing: individual ; family) Toppings: extra cheese, pepperoni, Italian sausage, ham, beef topping, green pepper, onion, black olive, mushroom, bacon, pineapple, banana pepper rings, tomato, and anchovies Typical Menu: Cheese only 1st pizza 2nd pizza Toppings 12† medium $7. 49 $6. 00 $0. 75 each 14† large $9. 49 $7. 00 $1. 00 each 16† x-large $11. 49 $8. 00 $1. 25 each Specialty Pizzas: Meat sauce, Veggie, Supreme, Pepperoni 1st pizza 2nd pizza 12† Medium $9. 49 $6. 00 14† Large $12. 49 $7. 00 16† X-Large $15. 49 $8. 00 Stuffed Crust: additional $2. 0 for any size pizza (Mozzarella Stuffed Crust) Additional Items: Wings (BBQ, Italian, Hot) $0. 40/each Crazy Bread and Sauce $2. 49 Slices (Pepperoni or Cheese) $1. 59 Soft Drinks (20 oz / 2-Ltr) $1. 09/ $1. 99 Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Dasani Unique Product Quality. Mentioned earlier, Little Caesars uses the best ingredients to serve its customers the h ighest quality products. The dough that it uses is always fresh which uses flour that is specially milled every day. Its special blends of cheeses are never frozen and it also uses the vine-ripened tomatoes to make the sauce, along with Little Caesars’ secret blend of spices. Packaging. Little Caesars uses its boxes to advertise its number one promotion. The pizza boxes are covered with the Hot-N-Ready logo. You can also find a few coupons on the box to be cut out and used. This helps bring its customers back by reminding them of the great deals Little Caesars’ offer every time its customer goes back for another piece of pizza. Price Strategy Affordability is Little Caesars number one price strategy. Its most recognized price strategy, as mentioned before, is the Hot-N-Ready pizzas for five dollars. This is its main price strategy however it also offers deals on the second pizza that you order at a set price. Little Caesars tries to make its food more desirable through price creating the attitude that you can get more for your money with convenience and great taste. Promotion Strategy The promotion strategy that Little Caesars has is primarily the Hot-N-Ready pizzas for five dollars. By having the Hot-N-Ready offer, it attracts many families that need a sufficient meal quick and cheap. Instead of delivering these pizzas, Little Caesars wants to make its customers experience a more personal approach by having its customers pick up their pizzas. This helps the customers build a relationship with Little Caesars and keeps them coming back for more, which other companies lack by using the delivery service. This company does a great thing for families; with pizza being such a hot commodity these days, it is offering great convenience for little money (Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. , 2011). Little Caesars also has certain promotions like Family Fun Pack, where Hasbro has combined with Little Caesars to have a drawing for four Hasbro games and one Family Pizza Party. It also offers sports deals for the sports fans. Little Caesars focuses on cheap and convenient food and achieve this with all its promotions. Little Caesars expectation of growth comes from its strategic planning and development. These strategies will be shown in the opening of more franchises and the spreading of its innovative promotional tactics; most recently the Hot-N-Ready slogan. This slogan is meant to aim towards value-oriented markets and focus on the quality of the Little Caesars product. Implementing these strategies of quality, freshness, and including price; with their $5 pizza deal, will help the company increase revenues, broaden its market, and grow as a company. The local Little Caesars in Radford should focus on implementing more advertising and low-cost student discounts. As the only advertising they do now is done all by corporate as part of the franchise, no additional campaign is done on the owners’ behalf. Also it should consider the delivery option due to the main target market locally is students, due to the lack of ability of and/or willingness of students to pick-up their own pizza. This poses a big problem with the local Little Caesars because competitors like Highlander’s and Mike’s Pizza are providing a good product with convenience of free delivery. Marketing on Campus with flyers and coupons should be a focus as well as to obtain recognition of the students. Most students do not go through catalogs or look online for food deals; they simply use what is given to them and what they know. Work cited Census: U. S. Census Bureau code and description of industry 2007, retrieved on 03-30-2011 http://www. census. gov/cgi-bin+/sssd/naics/naicsrch FDA-1: According to FDA figures â€Å"Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $164. 8 billion in 2010, a gain of 3. 0 percent over 2009. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 from http://www. da. gov/food/ FDA-2: According to the FD;C Act is protected through episodic unannounced inspections of facilities and products, educational activities, analysis of samples, and legal proceedings. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 from http://www. fda. gov/food/ FDA-3: According to FD;C local governments inspect restaurants, fast food spots and similar outlets, U. S. State and Local Governments is doing an impor tant role in these federal efforts, state and local governments are extremely active in the food inspection. Retrieved on 03-31-2011from http://www. fda. gov/food/ FDA-4: According to FDA Trend Analysis Report on the Occurrence of Food borne Illness Risk Factors in Selected Institutional Foodservice, Restaurant, and Retail Food Store Facility Types (1998-2008). Data items Showing Statistically Significant Improvement in fast food industry. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 http://www. fda. gov/food/labelingnutrition/default. htm FDA-5: According to FDA Trend Analysis Report on the Occurrence of Food borne Illness Risk Factors in Selected Institutional Foodservice, Restaurant, and Retail Food Store Facility Types (1998-2008). Percentage of observations found in compliance for each risk factor. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 http://www. fda. gov/food/labelingnutrition/default. htm Hoover: According to construction forecasts, take information from Hoovers Retrieved on 04-02-2011, from www. hoovers. com Hoover-1: According to construction forecasts, take information from Hoovers Retrieved on 04-02-2011, from www. hoovers. com Mark: According to Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth written by Mark D. Jekanowski, Retrieved on 03-15-2011 www. econ. ag. gov Mark D: According to Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth written by Mark D. Jekanowski, retrieved on 03-15-2011 www. con. ag. gov Michael R. Baye: According to Managerial Economics and the Business Strategy 7e, Retrieved on 04-02-2011. Michael R. Baye-1: According to Managerial Economics and the Business Strategy 7e, Retrieved on 04-02-2011. National restaurant association-1: According to the restaurant association in 2010 sales of restaurant industry are $580 billion; these restaurants are located over 945 ,000 locations, having 12. 7 million employees (one of the largest private-sector employers) across United States of America. Retrieved on 03-28-2011 from http://www. restaurant. rg National restaurant association-2: According to the restaurant association â€Å"New York alone has more than 38,596 eating and drinking places, with a projection to register $ 29 billion sales in 2010. Retrieved on03-28-2011 from http://www. restaurant. org/pdfs/research/state/newyork. pdf Stock Market review: According to the stock market analysis, the forecast of future growth rate of top companies in the industry. Retrieved on 04-05-2011 from http://www. stockmarketsreview. com/recommendations/mcdonalds_report_20101115_59520/ Stock Market review-1: According to the stock market analysis, the market share of top companies in the industry. Retrieved on 04-05-2011 from http://www. stockmarketsreview. com/recommendations/mcdonalds_report_20101115_59520/ Franchising. Com: http://www. franchising. com/littlecaesarspizza/? p=press;id=165 Hoovers: http://www. hoovers. com/free/co/factsheet. xhtml? COID=59853;cm_ven=PAID;c m_cat=BUS;cm_pla=CO1;cm_ite=Ilitch_Holdings Little Caesars Pizza – Franchise Opportunities: About Us. 2011: http://franchise. littlecaesars. com/STEP1Research/MissionStatement/tabid/60/Defaul t. aspx.

Wuthering Heights - Socio-His essays

Wuthering Heights - Socio-His essays Wuthering Heights - Socio-Historical Background Wuthering Heights During the nineteenth century England experienced a flood of migrants into the capital city of London-330,000 to be exact. Of these 330,000, 46,000 came from Ireland to escape famine and, ultimately, death. Migrants continued to take over the city and by the year 1881, London"s population had increased from one million to about 4.5 million. Unemployed workers swarmed the city in hopes to find jobs in the new industrialized economy. Development flourished in London; the invention of trams, underground and overground railways meant shorter journeys to the workplace. This new industry drew people from all parts of the world and soon caused severe overcrowding. Areas of London that were once the "wealthy" areas of society became the "slums" and made up what is now referred to as public housing. Along with the emergence of this "industrial revolution" came a class- conscious society. The hierarchy of London broke down into four major classes- the aristocrats, the middl e class, the working class, and the poor class. The new London would benefit the wealthy and the middle class but exploit and oppress the working and poor classes. Although the Industrial Revolution benefited the overall economy of England and other parts of the world, it also caused an eruption of pollution, poverty, and crime. In the factories, workers were kept for long hours, worked under hazardous conditions, and received low wages. They often times had no money to support their families, so many were reduced to shoplifting, robbery, and sometimes drugs and alcohol to escape the daily trials of lower class life. There was an increase in crime patterns amongst the poor people of England, and a new law enforcement emerged. In 1829 the Metropolitan Police was created to enforce the law and punish those who decided to break it. Eventually the crime rate declined, and life in England became safer. The Pa ...

Bipolar Disorder

The topic I chose for my internet assignment is Bipolar Disorder. I chose this disorder because I find it to be very interesting and I also know someone who has been diagnosed with it. >From my research I learned many things about Bipolar Disorder. It affects around 1% of the population and it fits into the category of affective disorders. People experience the disorder in many different ways. Some experience "full blown mania" while others react in a more subtle way. Usually there are periods of depression between the mania, but not always. The cause of the disorder has still not been determined, but 50% of people who suffer from it are known to have a family history of manic depression. There is not yet a cure for Bipolar Disorder although, it is treatable with medications and therapy. Online Dictionary of Mental Health. (2000) The Mercurial Mind, [online]. Available:http://home.att.net/~mercurial-mind/ [2000, January 27] The first web site I visited was The Mercurial Mind: Living with Bipolar Disorder. This site answered questions such as what does bipolar disorder feel like, how do mental health professionals determine whether or not you have bipolar disorder and how does bipolar disorder affect the lives of the people who have it. The information is laid out in a clear and accurate manner. I found the information to be useful and learned a lot from the site. The author of the site states at the bottom of the second page that he is not a health care professional. He was diagnosed with the disease when he was 39 years old, so although he may be a useful source I am not sure how credible he is. His site has been online since January 2000 and he has already had 35,929 hits, which I think is pretty good. There is a place on the site to sign the guest book and also send in an e-mail if you have any more questions. This site has won numerous awards from internet critics. Sister Leslie. (2000) The Bipolar Planet...

Exercise in Organizing a Descriptive Paragraph

Exercise in Organizing a Descriptive Paragraph After studying our basic model for organizing a descriptive paragraph, you may find it helpful to apply the strategies in this short exercise. Directions Here is the topic sentence of a descriptive paragraph titled The Candle: I treasure my candle not for its beauty, its sentimental value, or even its usefulness, but for its simple, stark ugliness. The rest of the paragraph appears below. However, the sentences have been rearranged so that the descriptions appear in no logical order. Reorder the sentences to create a clearly organized paragraph. Rising crookedly out of the cup and collar is the candle, a pitifully short, stubby object.Abandoned by a previous occupant of my room, the candle squats on the window sill, anchored by cobwebs and surrounded by dead flies.This ugly little memorial consists of three parts: the base, the reflector, and the candle itself.This aluminum flower is actually a wrinkled old Christmas light collar.The base is a white, coffee-stained Styrofoam cup, its wide mouth pressed to the sill.And by lighting the wick, any time I choose, I can melt this ugly candle away.From the bottom of the cup (which is the top of the base) sprouts a space-age daisy: red, green, and silver petals intended to collect wax and reflect candle light.The candle is about the same size and color as a mans thumb, beaded with little warts of wax down the sides and topped by a tiny bent wick. Suggested answers are on page two. REVIEW: How to Write a Descriptive ParagraphDiscovery Strategy: Probing Your TopicDraft a Descriptive ParagraphPractice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific DetailsModel Descriptive Paragraphs NEXT: Revision Checklist for a Descriptive Paragraph. Suggested Rearrangement of Sentences: Organizing a Descriptive Paragraph Here is how the nine sentences in The Candle were originally arranged. I treasure my candle not for its beauty, its sentimental value, or even its usefulness, but for its simple, stark ugliness. (2) Abandoned by a previous occupant of my room, the candle squats on the window sill, anchored by cobwebs and surrounded by dead flies. (3) This ugly little memorial consists of three parts: the base, the reflector, and the candle itself. (5) The base is a white, coffee-stained Styrofoam cup, its wide mouth pressed to the sill. (7) From the bottom of the cup (which is the top of the base) sprouts a space-age daisy: red, green, and silver petals intended to collect wax and reflect candle light. (4) This aluminum flower is actually a wrinkled old Christmas light collar. (1) Rising crookedly out of the cup and collar is the candle, a pitifully short, stubby object. (8) The candle is about the same size and color as a mans thumb, beaded with little warts of wax down the sides and topped by a tiny bent wick. (6) And by lighting the wick, any time I choose, I can melt this ugly candle away.

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Islamic Philosophy and Law - Essay Example The result was a split between the Sunnis, who sought elections, and the Shi-ites, who sought a heritage accession. Now, the rift has meant further difference between the two groups of Islam who have claimed their respective leaders as political figures (in the case of the Sunnis) and prophets with divine insight (in the case of the Shi-ites). As such, followers of both sects have a different kind of respect for their leader and for the modern translations of ancient Islamic texts. Islamic law is very specific, with rules governing everything from punishments for stealing or adultery to the proper methods for burying the dead or how to conduct business. Sunni law is based on four different schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali, with specific reference to both the Qur'an and the Sunnah as perfected doctrine. While Sunni laws are quite similar to Shi-ite laws in that they subscribe to both major texts, the major differences in law are in terms of modern society. As Shi-ites put faith in their divine leaders (Imams) to show them towards the path of religious enlightenment through Islamic law, the majority of Sunnis instead believe that with democratic elections their people might be able to use religious doctrine to the best of their abilities in politics. Both sides are adamant in their interpretations of Islamic belief and law, and as such are often at violent odds with one another. Sunnis reason that it is through the already perfected Islamic texts that Muslims will find enlightenment, while Shi-ites conversely believe that the descendents of Muhammad are able to bring deeper insights to the previous texts and offer a better way of life for the future. Because of these differences, inheritance laws and punishment laws differ between the two Islamic sects and no permanent common ground has been cultivated as yet. Not unlike the rift between Catholics and the Orthodox Church, Sunni and Shi-ite Muslims have both grown past their original religious teachings to such an extent that the two can never come back together; in terms of governance this proves to be a continuously difficult challenge in the Middle East. Islamic philosophy has been influenced a great deal by the Persian (or in modern terms Iranian) theologian Al-Ghazali, who lived from 1058 to 1111. Al-Ghazali believed that every event and interaction was occasionalistic, or the will of god as opposed to a simple physical reality. He wrote a book called The Incoherence of the Philosophers in the 11th century that would change the face of Islamic theology greatly for years to come; the book moved the Islamic school of thought from its focus on Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato towards a more rigorously religious point of view. Where Islamic scholars of past centuries had celebrated the teachings of Greeks like Plato and Socrates, Al-Ghazali denounced the men as non-believers and encouraged his fellow Muslims to embrace their religion instead of thinking outside of it. He made clear his belief that supporters of Greek philosophy were being disloyal to Islam, and literally hundreds of Muslims gathered to hear these theories where h e lectured at the Al-Nizamiyya

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Analysis - Essay Example At the same time they aim to deliver specific suggestions through analysis of the research outcomes. The suggestions would be of much benefit to education and in making educational decisions. The article, Motivating boys and motivating girls by Marsh and Martin, supports positivist and anti-positivist research paradigms (Babbie, 2006) to explore the effect of gender as well as other educational constructs on student motivation from different levels of understanding. This combined paradigmatic model on one hand is necessary to dig into the psyche of those who believe in the gender stereotypic model and that of the students who are at the centre of all discussions. On the other hand it would help in accumulating tried and tested factual details of the factors affecting motivation and engagement. While the qualitative or the subjective approach helps in generating meaningful responses from the groups, the quantitative or the objective approach backs the subjective findings by providing with significant data. Depending upon the nature of the research topic, this combined approach is undertaken as any one approach would have been insufficient in critically assessing and evalu ating the validity of the research outcome. A qualitative approach based on interviews and case study of students and teachers gives the research its basic direction. An approximate idea could be formed about the practicality of each model. The authors held interviews with teachers, educational practitioners and students of either gender. The subjective interrogation has been of much help in comprehending the standpoints of the two groups. While the educational practitioners hold the gender stereotypic model functional in student motivation within the class room, the students have been observed to hold neutral views implying the need of good teachers rather than fussing over teacher gender. The subjective approach has actually established the relevance of the

Analysis and evidence-based findings on the Alex Color Studio Essay

Analysis and evidence-based findings on the Alex Color Studio employee's motivation - Essay Example Moderately motivated employees will just satisfy the client but will not leave a remarkable mark which will trigger the client to spread the good reputation of the salon. However, demotivated employees never inspire any clients to come back for their services. For these reasons, Jackie Williams and Alex Williams recognize the need to motivate their employees and through interviews by Shannon and Janelle, we discover various ways about how they motivate their employees and this analysis presents the details. Setting and monitoring goals; according to Alex and Jackie employees are largely motivated by setting goals through holding frequent staff meetings. In these meetings, they evaluate the performance of the employees and their achievements against the set goals. During review meetings, they discuss the challenges they are facing and consequently deliberate on ways of improving their performance. This motivates employees because they are able to share their progress and receive positive reinforce. At the same time, the employees who are having trouble are motivated by an assurance that they are capable of improving. Alex and Jackie hold that during the meetings, employees are given feedback. Positive feedback motivates the employees by instilling in them a sense of accomplishment. On the other hand, positive criticism is also effective in motivating employees to achieve their set objectives by assuring them that there is room for their improvements. Setting performance standards associated with career path and pay rise; Alex and Jackie indicated that the performance standards of the stylists are based on four indicators; client count, pre-booking rate, retail sales, and average ticket price. The indicators are used to set individualized goals for the stylists to mark their progress and identify areas of progress. Setting performance standards gives the stylists

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Analysis - Essay Example At the same time they aim to deliver specific suggestions through analysis of the research outcomes. The suggestions would be of much benefit to education and in making educational decisions. The article, Motivating boys and motivating girls by Marsh and Martin, supports positivist and anti-positivist research paradigms (Babbie, 2006) to explore the effect of gender as well as other educational constructs on student motivation from different levels of understanding. This combined paradigmatic model on one hand is necessary to dig into the psyche of those who believe in the gender stereotypic model and that of the students who are at the centre of all discussions. On the other hand it would help in accumulating tried and tested factual details of the factors affecting motivation and engagement. While the qualitative or the subjective approach helps in generating meaningful responses from the groups, the quantitative or the objective approach backs the subjective findings by providing with significant data. Depending upon the nature of the research topic, this combined approach is undertaken as any one approach would have been insufficient in critically assessing and evalu ating the validity of the research outcome. A qualitative approach based on interviews and case study of students and teachers gives the research its basic direction. An approximate idea could be formed about the practicality of each model. The authors held interviews with teachers, educational practitioners and students of either gender. The subjective interrogation has been of much help in comprehending the standpoints of the two groups. While the educational practitioners hold the gender stereotypic model functional in student motivation within the class room, the students have been observed to hold neutral views implying the need of good teachers rather than fussing over teacher gender. The subjective approach has actually established the relevance of the

Abuse in the Workplace- a case of Gender Discrimination Research Paper

Abuse in the Workplace- a case of Gender Discrimination - Research Paper Example The notion of discrimination is best described as favorable treatment towards individuals not on the basis of merit but on the basis of bias or other immoral attitude (Mill, 1963). In what follows, a critical approach towards gender discrimination is taken along with its implications for organizations. Cases of gender discrimination are a common sight in the workplace today. Not long ago a lawsuit was filed against the Boston Cigna HealthCare Company for charges of gender discrimination. According to the lawsuit, it is alleged that the company intentionally discriminated against Bretta Karp and other female employees by displaying unfavorable treatment towards them compared to their male counterparts in terms of promotion practices, pay increases and an uncongenial workplace environment (Chase & Reidy, 2011). The company, however, denied all charges by claiming that it is committed to diversity management and does not allow any such behavior that leads to discrimination of any sort ( Chase & Reidy, 2011). Discrimination, such as the above, adds to the woes of females in the workplace by lowering their morale and threatening their self-esteem. Research suggests that after having controlled for factors such as age, education, experience, skills and parental status, women still receive only 81% of the pay of men for similar nature of work (Ashkanasy, Wilderom, & Peterson, 2010).

Generational Welfare Essay Example for Free

Generational Welfare Essay Generational Welfare For most of America’s history, farmers, entrepreneurs or shop owners could live their entire lives without getting any assistance from the federal government except maybe mail. But those days are long gone. In 2012 the total number of Americans on government assistance or welfare reached 4,3000,000. Many of which are 4th or 5th generation Welfare recipients. For whatever the reason, we have become a culture of dependency in which poverty is a trap. Long-term recipients loose job skills, work habits as well as work contacts. For this reason the government should require recipients to work as much as they can. It could be called â€Å"workfare† and could help recipients increase potential long-term earnings. Generation poverty is defined as children of parents in poverty grow up to live in poverty themselves in a continuous cycle for at least two generations. All too often this is a result of a traumatic event-taking place such as a illness or divorce that alters the family structure Hard working, self-reliant men and women built this country, but these work ethics began to change during the great depression in the 1930’s. A federal welfare program was introduced, it granted monthly cash and food coupons to assist with basic living needs, it was established to assist those who were living below the poverty line. This system went virtually unchanged since 1930, and was due for a much-needed reform. In 1996 President Bill Clinton made great strides to give welfare a long overdue facelift. He gave the duties of welfare to the states by implementing the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act restricted aid to most legal residents. The bill had a 5year lifetime maximum for cash assistance and, required recipients to search for employment among other requirements. This welfare reform law was very successful. More than 60% percent of recipients were able to get off the welfare program. However, the core of this program was done away with in 2012 by the Obama administration. A directive was issued stating that TANF (Temporary assistance for needy Families) work requirements could be waived or over ridden by section 1115 waiver authority under the Social Security law. This has fueled an ongoing debate over whether welfare dependency in one generation causes welfare dependency in the next generation. Psychologist, Albert Bandura is considered the pioneer  behind the Social Learning Theory. This theory states that people learn from their so cial contexts and much of social behavior is learned through observing and practiced through modeling. This observational learning can occur in three ways: live modeling, symbolic learning and instruction. This explains the cycle of generational welfare among our nations poor. Last year the Wall Street Journal reported that 49% of the population of the United States lives in a household where at least one person receives some type of government assistance. The Heritage Foundation’s annual Index of Dependence on Government, tracks government spending, and the score is adjusted for federal programs that contribute to government assistance dependency. In 2010 the foundation reported that nearly 67.3 million Americans received Social Security, TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, educational support for higher learning, or some other assistance that was once considered to be the responsibility of families, individuals, churches, and neighborhoods. A culture has developed within families in which welfare is reinforced and sometimes even encouraged by parents who are also receiving benefits and their children. Children also become more accepting of the idea of assistance because their parents are currently receiving welfare benefits. The goal of public policy should be reducing poverty, not just the reduction of caseloads. The plan that was implemented by former President Clinton did just that. Jobs have to be created and av ailable before we can reduce the number of persons receiving government assistance. More often than not, when jobs are created they are low-skill jobs and do not pay enough to meet employees basic needs which results in many quitting and going back on government aid. We need more programs set up to provide training in work skills or a trade so that citizens will be able to receive wages that will easily sustain their families and encourage them to become self sufficient and non dependent on government assistance. It gives great satisfaction for a person to know that they are completely self-sufficient and can provide their family with at least its basic needs. It gives a sense of purpose and builds self-confidence that you do not have when you have to rely on the government or another person for financial help. It requires decision, determination, and discipline. Some may argue that generational poverty is determined by poor health across generations and not by observation or modeling of ones parents. However the statistics  from the changes made during the Clinton administration, give proof that the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, that works and should be reinstated. Most citizens have a desire to be successful but just don’t have the skills or self-esteem they need to accomplish these goals. Sometimes it takes a little push to get them headed in the right direction and this program seems to do just that. It provided nearly any means of assistance for individuals to become job ready. It provided assistance with transportation problems; self-esteem issues like dental work or even haircuts. Individuals were coached in interview skills and good work ethics. Many classes were provided to help assist in lifestyle and finance management changes. Individuals were encouraged to further their education and were given assistance with college enrollment applications as well. All of the qualities that are needed to preform a job to the fullest of ones ability were provided to wean recipients off of welfare. We have to reach the core understanding of why some people get stuck in a cycle of generational poverty and work on the core problem if we want long-term results. In which individuals receive jobs, perform their duties to the best of their ability and take pride in being self-sufficient. When individuals are proud of their accomplishments and are confident that they will be able to provide for themselves and their family, then we will begin to see a decline in numbers of generational welfare recipients and will be able to witness our economy grow and flourish. Works Cited Axelrod, Norman. Chicago Tribune: Chicago Breaking News, Sports, Business, Entertainment, Weather and Traffic Chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune: Chicago Breaking News, Sports, Business, Entertainment, Weather and Traffic Chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune, 14 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. . Bowen, Barry D. 1996 Welfare Reform Facts. 1996 Welfare Reform Facts. N.p., 1996. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. . Gaiser, Elliot T. Obama Guts Welfare Reform. Heritage.org. N.p., 8 May 2013. Web. McLeod, Saul. Bandura Social Learning Theory. Albert Bandura. Simply Psychology, 2011. Web. 01 Aug. 2013. . Generational Welfare For most of America’s history, farmers, entrepreneurs or shop owners could live their entire lives without getting any assistance from the federal government except maybe mail. But those days are long gone. In 2012 the total number of Americans on government assistance or welfare reached 4,3000,000. Many of which are 4th or 5th generation Welfare recipients. For whatever the reason, we have become a culture of dependency in which poverty is a trap. Long-term recipients loose job skills, work habits as well as work contacts. For this reason the government should require recipients to work as much as they can. It could be called â€Å"workfare† and could help recipients increase potential long-term earnings. Generation poverty is defined as children of parents in poverty grow up to live in poverty themselves in a continuous cycle for at least two generations. All too often this is a result of a traumatic event-taking place such as a illness or divorce that alters the fami ly structure Hard working, self-reliant men and women built this country, but these work ethics began to change during the great depression in the 1930’s. A federal welfare program was introduced, it granted monthly cash and food coupons to assist with basic living needs, it was established to assist those who were living below the poverty line. This system went virtually unchanged since 1930, and was due for a much-needed reform. In 1996 President Bill Clinton made great strides to give welfare a long overdue facelift. He gave the duties of welfare to the states by implementing the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act restricted aid to most legal residents. The bill had a 5year lifetime maximum for cash assistance and, required recipients to search for employment among other requirements. This welfare reform law was very successful. More than 60% percent of recipients were able to get off the welfare program. However, the core of this program was done away with in 2012 by the Obama administration. A directive was issued stating that TANF (Temporary assistance for needy Families) work requirements could be waived or over ridden by section 1115 waiver authority under the Social Security law. This has fueled an ongoing debate over whether welfare dependency in one generation causes welfare dependency in the next generation. Psychologist, Albert Bandura is considered the pioneer  behind the Social Learning Theory. This theory states that people learn from their social contexts and much of social behavior is learned through observing and practiced through modeling. This observational learning can occur in three ways: live modeling, symbolic learning and instruction. This explains the cycle of generational welfare among our nations poor. Last year the Wall Street Journal reported that 49% of the population of the United States lives in a household where at least one person receives some type of government assistance. The Heritage Foundation’s annual Index of Dependence on Government, tracks government spending, and the score is adjusted for federal programs that contribute to government assistance dependency. In 2010 the foundation reported that nearly 67.3 million Americans received Social Security, TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, educational support for higher learning, or some other assistance that was once considered to be the responsibility of families, individuals, ch urches, and neighborhoods. A culture has developed within families in which welfare is reinforced and sometimes even encouraged by parents who are also receiving benefits and their children. Children also become more accepting of the idea of assistance because their parents are currently receiving welfare benefits. The goal of public policy should be reducing poverty, not just the reduction of caseloads. The plan that was implemented by former President Clinton did just that. Jobs have to be created and available before we can reduce the number of persons receiving government assistance. More often than not, when jobs are created they are low-skill jobs and do not pay enough to meet employees basic needs which results in many quitting and going back on government aid. We need more programs set up to provide training in work skills or a trade so that citizens will be able to receive wages that will easily sustain their families and encourage them to become self sufficient and non dependent on government assistance. It gives great satisfaction for a person to know that they are completely self-sufficient and can provide their family with at least its basic needs. It gives a sense of purpose and builds self-confidence that you do not have when you have to rely on the government or another person for financial help. It requires decision, determination, and discipline. Some may argue that generational poverty is determined by poor health across generations and not by observation or modeling of ones parents. However the statistics  from the changes made during the Clinton administration, give proof that the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, that works and should be reinstated. Most citizens have a desire to be successful but just don’t have the skills or self-esteem they need to accomplish these goals. Sometimes it takes a little push to get them headed in the right direction and this program seems to do just that. It provided nearly any means of assistance for individuals to become job ready. It provided assistance with transportation problems; self-esteem issues like dental work or even haircuts. Individuals were coached in interview skills and good work ethics. Many classes were provided to help assist in lifestyle and finance management changes. Individuals were encouraged to further their education and were given assistance with college enrollment applications as well. All of the qualities that are needed to preform a job to the fullest of one s ability were provided to wean recipients off of welfare. We have to reach the core understanding of why some people get stuck in a cycle of generational poverty and work on the core problem if we want long-term results. In which individuals receive jobs, perform their duties to the best of their ability and take pride in being self-sufficient. When individuals are proud of their accomplishments and are confident that they will be able to provide for themselves and their family, then we will begin to see a decline in numbers of generational welfare recipients and will be able to witness our economy grow and flourish.

Preserving Minority Languages

Preserving Minority Languages On the other hand, according to Anthony Ellis, it would be trifling to insist that extinction of language causes extinction of culture because language is not whole culture but just one part of it (Ellis, 2005). Nevertheless, according to David Harrison, linguist and professor of the Swarthmore College, languages have been shaped by people to serve as repositories for cultural knowledge, efficiently packaged and readily transmittable across generations. (Harrison, 2007:7). In other words, it is crucial for human race to keep the conservation of minority language due to its cultural values: academic, ethnic and social values. The first cultural value of minority language is its academic value. Linguists especially have academic passion for protecting and researching minority languages. They should study many different languages to restore their all functions and structures of endangered languages. It must also be noted that linguists need to train many youngsters at school to transmit their native languages to next generations. Moreover, one of most important reason why it is needed to keep minority languages researching is that academically new and attractive facts are always discovered in minority languages. Ubykh, one of minority language of the North-western Caucasian group spoken by the Ubykh people until the early 1990s, was regarded as a language which has a large number of consonants (Romaine, 2007). Recent researches, however, show that some African language have more consonants than Ubykhs. Furthermore, linguists found an African language called Hixkaryana, which has about 350 speakers. The reason why this language and its adjacent languages have an attention is that they are cases of language which place their object first when they make a sentence. For an instance, if the English sentence, I love you, is made, the sentence in Hixkaryana should be you love I instead of I love you. In the case of Korean and Japanese, they have the archetypal structural order, Subject + Object + Verb(SOV). They say I you love whilst English speakers say I love you. It is clear that contemporary English has self-evident sentence order, Subject + Verb + Object(SVO). However, Irish puts its verb firs t. Unfortunately, linguists predict that object-initial languages such as Hixkaryana will vanish in the next century. (Nettle Romaine, 2000:11) At this point, it should be academically asked that why object-initial languages are hard to survive in the modern era. This is the academic question which needs to be examined by researching minority languages. There will be a number of these kinds of academic questions from minority languages. This academic knowledge will be a great legacy for human race. This is why we preserve minority languages. The second cultural value of minority language is the value about its ethnic identity. One of the most important factors of ethnic identity is language. In the time of globalisation, identity of people is defined by the language that they speak and write rather than the region that people live. For an example, although every people in London speak common language, English, it is unsure that all of them are English people because some of them have their native languages. It means that people can find their ethnic identity when they speak their native languages. The importance of ethnic identity acquired by using native languages is closely related with national stature of each country. For example, one of the urgent issues of Ukraine after independence in 1991 was to establish its linguistic identity to rise up the stature of nation-state. After breaking up Soviet-union, one of differences between other nation-states and Ukraine was the influence of Russian. Unlike other nation-states, Russians was used in more widely and still made an impact on culture, science, management and so on in Ukraine. In this situation, Ukraine declared the new constitution and it expressed clearly that there is only one national language. By this process, Ukrainian became only one official language of Ukraine. People who used Ukrainian thought that people who still used Russian didnt have any ethnic identity as the member of Ukraine (Zhurzhenko, 2002). For another example of historically dark side, during the Japanese occupation in the past, Hangeul, Korean native language made by Sejong the Great in 1443, was strictly banned to use among Koreans as a colonial policy for ethnocide. Koreans were forced to change even their Hangeul names to Japanese names. Koreas national stature could not help fall. These historical facts above clearly demonstrate that language can not be divided from the ethnic identity. For this reason, if minority languages become extinct, the ethnic identity of those who use minority language will be disappeared as well. The third cultural value of minority language is its aesthetic value. Every language has its aesthetic values. This is expressed by art works through languages such as novels, poets and even music. Research has shown that there is the tendency to regard analogies between artforms and linguistic structures as relevant and illuminating. (Kraut, 2007:177). It is said that Jazz improvisation is analogous to spontaneous speech.'(ibid). In other words, it means that all minority languages have their unique aesthetic values. For an instance, China is unified multiracial nation and 56 tribes are living together in an extensive land. The numbers of minority tribes languages are around 60. Even though they are minority languages, their aesthetic values are proved by their literatures. Tibetians literary value is excellent and its Gesaer, written in the 13th century BC, has been well-known as the longest heroic epic over the world. Dong, one of minority ethnic groups in China has their native language, Kradai. It is told that Kradai is a profusion of musical value because it has various tones and vocabularies. Kradai has been developed in unique musical ways of Dongs people. It is known that Kradai is the most complex language over the world because it has 15 tones whilst the language of the Han race in China has 4 tones. As a matter of fact, its complexity contributed to make its aesthetic value. Therefore, it is natural that this great value dies if minority languages of Chinas minority ethnic groups die. For these three cultural values, which are academic, ethnic and aesthetic values, it is self-evident that minority languages are definitely deserved to be protected and transmit to their next generations as their great legacy. That is to say, minority languages are not a part of culture and a method of communications but culture itself. When a language dies, a culture dies. Conclusion In conclusion, it is urgently asked at this time to protect minority languages. Firstly, it is essential that the endangered languages ought to be found, stabilised all linguistic functions and all people help them be transmitted to next generations. Secondly, it is needed to make preserving minority languages be an important part of Conservation ethic. It means that people should realise that our language is equally one of the great natural environments and endeavour to protect our linguistic environment. Lastly, there has to be unremitting exertion for native language education even if it is minority language. For an instance, some Korean scholars pointed out to Koreas education environment just focused on English instead of Hangeul, Korean language and predicted there will be no Hangeul after 200 years if we keep this education system. Minority language education is important especially for next generations. Therefore, the fact that extinction of a language engenders extinction of a culture should be remembered to all generations and make a great effort to preserve minority languages. Bibliography Ellis, Anthony (2005). Minority Rights and the Preservation of Languages. Cambridge Journals: 199-217. The Royal institute of Philosophy. Harrison, David. K. (2007). When Languages Die: The Extinction of the Worlds Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. USA, Oxford University Press. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7206411.stm (Accessed 08 November 2010). Kraut, Robert. (2007). Artworld Metaphysics. Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2008. Nettle, D. and S. Romaine (2000). Vanishing voices : the extinction of the worlds languages. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Romaine, Suzanne. (2007). Preserving Endangered Languages. Language and Linguistics compass 1/1-2:115-132. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Zhurzhenko, Tatiana. (2002). Language Politics in Contemporary Ukraine: Nationalism and Identity Formation. IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, Vol. XII/2.